The word corrupt (Middle English, from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere, to destroy : com-, intensive In grammar, an intensive form of a word is one which denotes stronger or more forceful action as compared with the root on which the intensive is built. Intensives are usually lexical formations, but there may be a regular process for forming intensives from a base root. Intensive formations, for example, existed in Proto-Indo-European, and in pref. and rumpere, to break) when used as an adjective literally means "utterly broken".[1] In modern English usage the words corruption and corrupt have many meanings:
- Political corruption Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved: the abuse of public power, office, or resources by government officials or employees for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes.[2]
- Police corruption Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest
- Corporate corruption In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation , or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious liability and corporate liability). Note that some forms of corporate corruption may not actually be criminal if they are not specifically illegal under a given: corporate criminality and the abuse of power by corporation officials, either internally or externally.
- Putrefaction Putrefaction is the decomposition of animal proteins, especially by anaerobic microorganisms, described as putrefying bacteria. Decomposition is a more general process. Putrefaction usually results in amines such as putrescine and cadaverine, which have a putrid odor. Material that is subject to putrefaction is called putrescible: the natural process of decomposition in the human and animal body following death.
- Data corruption Data corruption refers to errors in computer data that occur during transmission or retrieval, introducing unintended changes to the original data. Computer storage and transmission systems use a number of measures to provide data integrity, the lack of errors. In general, when there is a Data Corruption, the file containing that data would be: an unintended change to data in storage or in transit.
- Linguistic corruption Corruption or bastardisation is a way of referring to certain changes in a language. The most common way that a word can be said to be corrupted is the change of its spelling through errors and gradual changes in comprehension, transcription, and hearing. This is especially common with words borrowed from another language. For example Guangzhou: the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension.
- Bribery Bribery, a form of corruption, is an act implying money or gift given that alters the behavior of the recipient. Bribery constitutes a crime and is defined by Black's Law Dictionary as the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty. The in politics, business, or sport (including match fixing In organized sports, match fixing, game fixing, race fixing, or sports fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. Where the sporting competition in question is a race then the incident is referred to as race fixing. Games that are deliberately lost are).
- Rule of law While the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion" giving rise to a "rampant divergence of understandings", a dichotomy can be identified between two principal conceptions of the rule of law: a formalist or "thin" and a substantive or "thick" definition of the rule of law. Formalist Governmental corruction of judiciary includes governmental spending on the courts, which is completely financially controlled by the executive in many transitional and developing countries. This undermines the principle of checks and balances and creates a critical financial dependence on the judiciary.It covers latent governmental spending on the judiciary in the form of privileges – cars, country houses,expenses. Such a system is completely outside the realm of transparency and creates a precedent for the corruption of the judiciary by executive authorities.
- Institutions dealing with political corruption
- Transparency International Transparency International is an international non-governmental organization fighting corruption and trying to raise public awareness of it. This includes, but is not limited to, political corruption. It publishes every year its Corruption Perceptions Index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide. The international headquarters is located
- Group of States Against Corruption GRECO’s objective is to improve the capacity of its members to fight corruption by monitoring their compliance with Council of Europe anti-corruption standards through a dynamic process of mutual evaluation and peer pressure. It helps to identify deficiencies in national anti-corruption policies, with a view to prompting the necessary (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la Corruption), a body established under the Council of Europe The Council of Europe is one of the oldest international organisations working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens. It is distinct from the to monitor the implementation of instruments adopted by member states to combat political corruption.
- Independent Commission Against Corruption
- Anti-Corruption Trust of Southern Africa (ACT-Southern Africa)
- Entertainment with corruption themes
- Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, a Wii game.
- Corrupt (film), a 1981 film starring Harvey Keitel and John Lydon.
- Corrupt (1999 film), a 1999 film starring Ice-T and Silkk The Shocker.
- Corrupt (Angel), an unproduced teleplay written for the television program Angel.
- Kurupt, a rapper
- Corruption (video game), a 1988 computer game by Magnetic Scrolls.
- Corrupted, a Japanese doom-metal band.
- Fable Series Fable II is an action role-playing game developed by Lionhead and published by Microsoft Game Studios for Xbox 360. The sequel to Fable and Fable: The Lost Chapters, it was originally announced in 2006 and released in October 2008, for the Xbox 360
- Chaorruption, a form of corruption caused by Drakath and his 13 Lords of Chaos in Artix Entertainment's MMORPG, AdventureQuest Worlds.
See also
- Collusion Collusion is an agreement, sometimes illegal and therefore secretive, which occurs between two or more persons to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, or defrauding others of their legal rights, or to obtain an objective forbidden by law typically by defrauding or gaining an unfair advantage[citation needed]. It is an agreement among
- Corruption by country
- Constitutional economics
- Civil Society Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state and commercial institutions of the market
- Independence of the judiciary
References
- ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corrupt
- ^ Chinhamo, Obert; Shumba, Gabriel (2007), Institutional working definition of corruption, Anti-Corruption Trust of Southern Africa, http://www.actsouthernafrica.org/Working%20Paper%201-%20Draft%20Institutional%20Working%20definition%20of%20Corruption.pdf
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Fri, 27 Aug 2010 20:46:53 GMT+00:00
The Associated Press Mauricio Farah, who coordinated the report, said government corruption is at the heart of migrant abuse in Mexico. "We are talking about the complicity of ...
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