Organized crime or criminal organizations is a transnational grouping of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as " for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary Money is any object that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country or socio-economic context. The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, occasionally, a standard of deferred payment profit In neoclassical economics, economic profit, or profit, is the difference between a firm's total revenue and its opportunity costs. In classical economics profit is the return to the employer of capital stock in any productive pursuit involving labor. These two definitions are actually the same. In both instances economic profit is the return to an. The Organized Crime Control Act The Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 , was an Act of Congress sponsored by Democratic Senator John L. McClellan and signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon (U.S. ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, 1970) defines organized crime as "The unlawful activities of [...] a highly organized, disciplined association [...]".[1]
Mafia is a term used to describe a number of criminal Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as " organizations around the world. The first organization to bear the label was the Sicilian Mafia The Mafia is a criminal brotherhood that emerged in the mid 19th century Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct. Each group, known as a "family", "association", "clan" or "cosca", claims sovereignty over a territory in which it based in Italy Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine, known to its members as Cosa Nostra The Mafia is a criminal brotherhood that emerged in the mid 19th century Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct. Each group, known as a "family", "association", "clan" or "cosca", claims sovereignty over a territory in which it. In the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language, "the Mafia" generally refers to the American Mafia The Italian-American Mafia emerged in New York's Lower East Side and other areas of the East Coast of the United States during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Italian immigration. It has its roots in the Sicilian Mafia, but has been a separate organization in the United States for many years. Neapolitan, Calabrian, and other. Other powerful organizations described as mafias include the Russian Mafia The Russian Mafia or Bratva (Братва; slang for "brotherhood", which applies to all gangs, including rivals) — often transliterated as Mafiya — are names designating a range of organized crime syndicates originating in the former Soviet Union, Russia and the CIS. The term, however, particularly applies to the mafia of Russia,, the Chinese Triads, the Albanian Mafia The Albanian Mafia or Albanian Organized Crime (AOC) are the general terms used for various criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians. Albanian criminals are significantly active in the United States and the European Union (EU) countries, participating in a diverse range of criminal enterprises including drug and arms, Bosnian mafia, the Irish Mob The Irish Mob is one of the oldest organized crime groups in the United States, in existence since the early 19th century. Originating in Irish American street gangs of the 19th century — famously depicted in Herbert Asbury's 1928 book The Gangs of New York — the Irish Mob has appeared in most major American cities, including Boston, New York, the Japanese Yakuza Yakuza , also known as gokudō (極道?) are members of traditional organized crime syndicates in Japan. The Japanese police, and Japanese media by request of the police, call them bōryokudan (暴力団), literally "violence group", while the yakuza call themselves "ninkyō dantai" (任侠団体 (or 仁侠団体), ", the Neapolitan Camorra The Camorra is a mafia-like criminal organization, or secret society, originating in the region of Campania and its capital Naples in Italy. It finances itself through drug trafficking/distribution, cigarette smuggling, people smuggling, kidnapping, blackmail, bribery, prostitution, toxic waste disposal, construction, counterfeiting, loan sharking,, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, the Indian Mafia Mumbai's first recorded bank robbery was committed by a man with a fake name:'Anokhelal'. He came to Mumbai from Delhi after seeing the American movie Highway 301. He formed a gang of local criminals and committed the robbery after doing two rehearsals at the bank which were not noticed by the staff. The movie was later banned in Mumbai. The Bank, the Unione Corse The Unione Corse is a secretive criminal organization operating primarily out of Corsica and Marseilles in France. Unlike the Sicilian Mafia, it has not attempted to gain a foothold in the United States, and thus does not have the other organization's notoriety. "Unione Corse" is the general name given by French and American authorities, Serbian Mafia Serbian Organized Crime are various criminal organizations based in Serbia or composed of ethnic-Serbs. Serbian criminals are active in the European Union (EU) countries and sometimes in United States of America. The Serbian mafia is primarily involved in smuggling, the arms trafficking, drug trafficking, protection racket, illegal gambling,, and the Bulgarian mafia Bulgarian organised crime groups are involved in a wide range of activities, including drug trafficking, cigarette smuggling, human trafficking, prostitution, illicit antiquities trafficking, extortion and the arms trade. They appear to have connections with the Russian Mafia, Croatian mafia, Serbian Mafia, Macedonian Mafia and the Italian Cosa. There are also a number of localized mafia organizations around the world bearing no link to any specific racial background.
Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear , are perpetrated for a, are politically motivated (see VNSA Violent non-state actor refers to any organization that uses illegal violence (i.e. force not officially approved of by the state) to reach its goals, thereby contesting the monopoly on violence of the state. The term has been used in several papers published by the United States military). Gangs A gang is a group of three or more people who, through the organization, formation, and establishment of an assemblage, share a common identity. In current usage it typically denotes a criminal organization or else a criminal affiliation. In early usage, the word gang referred to a group of workmen. In the United Kingdom the word is still often may become "disciplined" enough to be considered "organized". An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob. The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured group is referred to in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language as racketeering Several forms of racket exist. The best-known is the protection racket, in which criminals demand money from businesses in exchange for the service of "protection" against crimes that the racketeers themselves instigate if unpaid . A second well known example is the numbers racket, a form of illegal lottery.
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Origins and conceptual background
Today, crime is thought of as an urban phenomenon, but for most of human history it was the rural world that was crime-ridden. Pirates, highwaymen A highwayman was a robber who preyed on travellers, particularly one who travelled by horse; those who robbed on foot were called footpads. Mounted robbers were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such robbers operated in Great Britain and Ireland from the Elizabethan era until the early 19th century and bandits attacked trade routes and roads, at times severely disrupting commerce, raising costs, insurance rates and prices to the consumer. According to criminologist Paul Lunde, "Piracy Piracy is a war-like act committed by private parties that engage in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea and banditry were to the pre-industrial world what organized crime is to modern society."[3]
Organized crime is deeply linked to the moral problem of integrating subcivilized The Apollonian and Dionysian is a philosophical and literary concept, or dichotomy, based on certain features of ancient Greek mythology. Several Western philosophical and literary figures have invoked this dichotomy in critical and creative works, including Plutarch, Friedrich Nietzsche, Carl Jung, Franz Kafka, Robert A. Heinlein, Ruth Benedict, energy into civilized state building. The early Christian world was dubious about an unqualified legitimacy of nation-states. St. Augustine Augustine of Hippo (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430), also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, or St. Austin was Bishop of Hippo Regius. He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity famously defined them as what would now be called kleptocracies Kleptocracy, alternatively cleptocracy or kleptarchy, from Greek: κλέπτης and κράτος (rule), is a term applied to a government that takes advantage of governmental corruption to extend the personal wealth and political power of government officials and the ruling class (collectively, kleptocrats), via the embezzlement of state funds, states founded on theft:
A later North African writer, Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun was a North African polymath — an astronomer, economist, historian, Islamic jurist, Islamic lawyer, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, hafiz, mathematician, military strategist, nutritionist, philosopher, social scientist and statesman—born in North Africa in present-day Tunisia. He is considered a forerunner of, observing the predatorial conquests of the Mongol leader Tamerlane Timur (from the Perso-Arabic form تیمور Tīmūr, ultimately from Chagatai Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), normally known as Tamerlane (from Tīmūr-e Lang) in English, was a 14th-century conqueror of Western, South and Central Asia, founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, in the 14th century, developed a theory of state formation based on the periodic conquest of civilized states by barbarians, who are quickly acculturated by urban life, lose their warlike qualities and succumb in turn to conquest by yet another wave of barbarians[4]. As Lunde states, "Barbarian conquerors, whether Vandals The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century, perhaps best known for their sack of Rome in 455. Although they were not notably more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, Renaissance and Early Modern writers who idealized Rome tended to blame the Vandals for its destruction. This led, Goths The Goths were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe, who played an important role in the history of the Roman Empire after they appeared on its lower Danube frontier in the third century, Norsemen Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language, Turks The Turkish people , also known as the "Turks" (Türkler) are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey but also refers to the sizeable Turkish minorities who are still present in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire (mainly in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, Macedonia, Romania and Syria) as well as the or Mongols Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism are not normally thought of as organized crime groups, yet they share many features associated with successful criminal organizations. They were for the most part non-ideological, predominantly ethnically based, used violence and intimidation, and adhered to their own codes of law."[3]
Although medieval feudal Feudalism is a political and military system between a feudal aristocracy , and his vassals. In its most classic sense, feudalism refers to the Medieval European political system composed of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. Although lords were not usually engaged in what moderns would consider "criminal activities" (except for irregular robber barons, self-enthroned Viking The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, and settled in wide areas of Europe and the North Atlantic islands from the late eighth to the mid-11th century. These Norsemen used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga adventurers An adventure is an activity that is perceived to involve risk, danger or exciting experiences.[citation needed], and mercenary "free company" leaders), their hierarchical courts, monopoly of violence, extension of protection to their serfs in exchange for labor and a percentage of harvests and durability are structurally similar to classic organized crime groups like the Mafia. In the modern world, it is difficult to distinguish some corrupt and lawless governments from organized crime gangs. These regimes, characteristic of some of the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, use the state apparatus to control organized crime for their own ends.
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Wed, 25 Aug 2010 21:30:50 GMT+00:00
Beat: Alleged drug kingpin Blackwell indicted by feds Baltimore Sun Mr Rosenstein commended Assistant United States Attorneys James G. Warwick and James T. Wallner, who are prosecuting this Organized Crime Drug Enforcement ...
Wed, 18 Aug 2010 08:52:20 PDT
Crime scene investigation Criminal Justice Criminal Minds Criminal profiling Ethics in America Gangsters: Organized Crime Law enforcement ... metacafe.com.
